The Current Perspective of Primary Care Patients on Contemporary Financial Uncertainty in Medical Payments
Advisor: Mr. Sperrazza
Internship Location: JASA + NYC Health Hospitals (Remote)
Onsite Mentor: Dr. Brookes Brown
As deductibles, co-pays, and complex insurance structures increasingly shift financial responsibility onto patients, older adults—many of whom rely on fixed incomes and public insurance programs—face heightened vulnerability to financial uncertainty in healthcare. While prior research has examined cost-related barriers among specific disease populations, less attention has been given to how elderly primary care patients perceive and navigate the affordability and stability of their medical payments. This study investigates how older adults (65+) in New York City perceive out-of-pocket costs, insurance predictability, and financial anxiety, and how these perceptions influence decisions to seek, delay, or modify care.
Participants will be recruited through JASA (Jewish Association Serving the Aging) and NYC Health and Hospitals, where I will conduct structured interviews combining scaled survey questions and open-ended responses. These interviews will explore how elderly patients understand their insurance coverage, anticipate medical costs, and respond to financial uncertainty when making healthcare decisions. I expect the research to show that unpredictability in medical expenses—alongside high costs—contributes to delayed care, reduced visits, or hesitation to seek treatment.
By centering elderly patients who frequently require ongoing primary and preventive care, this research aims to highlight how financial instability shapes healthcare access and contributes to broader inequities within the American healthcare system. Partaking in this research will allow me to learn how to reshape the healthcare system, making patients– not profits– at the center.
Project Blog
Week 0: Introduction
Hello everyone, my name is Kanika Reddy and welcome to my Week 0 Senior Project Blog! I am excited to embark on this personal academic journey while sharing my progress in the field of behavioral economics. In this blog, I will be going over the importance of my research topic, introduce my project/project advisors, and mention some things to look forward to in Week 1. I have also linked my proposal for reference on what my project is about and what I hope to achieve by the end.
Importance of the Subject:
As the U.S. became more capitalistic in the 1980s and 1990s, insurance companies followed suit in prioritizing profit maximization while minimizing financial risk. Deductibles and co-payments were introduced to shift a greater share of medical costs onto patients, who increasingly bear responsibility for both care and insurance premiums (Hoffman, 2006; Patel & Rushefsky, 2019). However, evidence demonstrates that these mechanisms do not only deter low-value care but also reduce the use of essential primary and preventive services, particularly among individuals with limited financial resources (Baicker & Goldman, 2011; Kullgren et al., 2010). Patients enrolled in high-deductible health plans frequently anticipate reducing care and act on those expectations, even when experiencing symptoms that warrant medical attention (Reed et al., 2009; Gaffney et al., 2020). As a result, financial barriers operate as an early filter on healthcare access, shaping patient behavior before clinical evaluation occurs (Press & Gerald, 2020).
Moreover, patients facing economic strain often adopt cost-coping behaviors such as delaying appointments, skipping follow-up visits, or altering medication use (e.g., breaking up tablets to extend usage) to reduce expenses (Zullig et al., 2013; Hunter et al., 2016). These strategies are especially common among individuals managing chronic conditions—particularly those with cancer and heart disease—for whom ongoing primary care and medication adherence are essential (Gaffney et al., 2020; Press & Gerald, 2020). Evidence suggests that these behaviors reflect financial constraint rather than lack of medical need, contributing to fragmented care and poorer health outcomes over time (Penfold et al., 2011).
Beyond direct costs, limited understanding of insurance benefits, uncertainty about out-of-pocket expenses, and fear of unexpected bills frequently lead patients to delay or avoid seeking care altogether (Smith et al., 2018; Doherty et al., 2025). Financial stress is influenced by cognitive burden, causing patients to prioritize short-term cost avoidance over long-term health benefits, particularly when navigating complex insurance structures (Tzeel & Brown, 2010). Even when primary care services are technically accessible—such as through government-supported programs—patients may remain wary of economical medical plans due to perceived financial risk (Li et al., 2024). These findings suggest that healthcare utilization is shaped not only by income or plan design but also by how patients interpret and navigate financial uncertainty.
Research Project and Advisors Introduction:
With the assistance of my offsite advisor Mr. Sperrazza, my onsite advisor Dr. Brown, JD and the organization, JASA, I will analyze how uncertainty, in financial status and insurance well-being, affects how patients act in medical crises and checkups. Specifically, the influence of financial uncertainty and insurance instability on patient decision-making in medical crises and routine checkups will be assessed. I will answering my main research question:
How do primary care patients in NYC perceive the affordability and stability of their out-of-pocket medical payments in the current U.S. healthcare environment?
The following subquestions will also be answered:
How does financial instability in medical payments affect primary care patients’ decisions to seek or delay care?
How do income level and insurance type shape primary care patients’ views on current financial instability in healthcare payments?
How do primary care patients evaluate the predictability of medical costs, including copays, deductibles, and unexpected bills?
My Week 1 Plan:
I will be setting up the data organization and coding framework, on Google Sheets, with categories based on the type of question (e.g. long form, likert scale, etc). Secondly, I will be writing my introduction and literature review for my final product, a research paper. While writing and setting up the project, I will refine the already created research questions based on my mentors’ feedback and ethics parameters set by my research organization.
Thank you for reading! I am looking forward to sharing my research project with you!
Week 1
In this blog, I will be going over my project progression during Week 1 and some things to look forward to in Week 2.
Week 0 Recap
As a reminder, in my Week 0 blog post, I delved into the importance of understanding how patients are coping with instability and inconsistencies in medical care coverage. Specifically, measuring confidence levels in the elderly population in NYC can communicate whether a particularly low-income demographic is struggling under high insurance premiums and uncertainty within the current medical coverage system. Of course, the benefits of the study are ascertaining the simultaneous cognitive burdens on seniors, as prior research has shown that patients under financial stress often impede necessary prescription use and primary care administration.
Week 1: Source Work and Volunteering
This week, I focused on writing and engaging with my sources more purposefully, while also beginning my work with JASA (Jewish Association Serving the Aging). As a reminder, I am hoping to answer the question of how elderly primary care patients in NYC perceive the affordability and stability of their out-of-pocket medical payments in the current U.S. healthcare environment.
As I worked through my sources, I noticed that they primarily focus on adult patients rather than older adults (65+), which highlighted a gap in the research. This realization guided my approach as I reread my sources and drafted my literature review. The process was time-consuming, as it required not only synthesizing the sources but also carefully analyzing each article’s significance in shaping my overall argument.
I also worked to better contextualize the issue of insurance instability among the elderly by introducing key demographic and geographic details. Specifically, I found that about 2 million seniors reside in NYC, with 65% reporting that they have a Primary Care Physician (PCP) (“National Institute of Health”). Alongside this research, my volunteering with JASA has allowed me to engage more directly with this population. I created a March-themed newsletter for seniors living in assisted housing, which features motivational articles and easy recipes, and began volunteering my time there, speaking with residents about their lives—and their unexpected enthusiasm for racing video games and banana pudding.
Week 2 Plan
Looking forward to Week 2, I plan on meeting again with my on-site advisor, Dr. Brown, to receive feedback on my drafts of the literature review and introduction. I will also be reading Healthcare and Policy, a medical-grade textbook on the history and prognosis of healthcare in the U.S.; I will add my findings to my literature review, as well as synthesize them within the broader theme.
Thank you for reading my Week 1 Blog! I am excited to continue sharing my research process and conclusions with you!
Week 2: Healthcare Policy Analysis
Hi everyone! In this blog, I will be going over my project progression during Week 2 and some things to look forward to in Week 3.
Week 2: Healthcare Policy Analysis
This week, I focused on refining my literature review and more actively shaping my argument, while continuing my work with Jewish Association Serving the Aging (JASA). Building on last week, I aimed to move beyond summarizing sources and instead connect them more directly to my research question about how elderly primary care patients in NYC perceive the affordability and stability of out-of-pocket healthcare costs.
A key part of my work was revising my literature review for clarity and flow. I worked on strengthening transitions between sources and identifying shared themes, such as financial uncertainty, insurance complexity, and how patients respond to out-of-pocket expenses. This helped me see my sources as part of a broader conversation rather than isolated studies, and made my argument more cohesive.
I also began incorporating insights from the book Healthcare and Policy, which provided useful background on the structure of the U.S. healthcare system. This allowed me to better explain why issues like high deductibles and copayments can be especially challenging for older adults, as most live paycheck to paycheck or are in retirement. While integrating this more technical, policy-focused perspective was initially difficult, it ultimately strengthened the depth of my analysis.
Alongside my research, I continued volunteering with JASA and spent more time interacting with residents. I met with the volunteer coordinator to finalize my research plan and internship, where I will be helping with the central office and meeting with seniors weekly.
Overall, Week 2 marked a shift toward refining my ideas and developing a clearer, more focused argument.
Week 3 Plan
The week after Spring Break, I plan to refine my methods section by outlining participants, instruments, and my analysis plan. I will also finalize my interview questionnaires and consent materials to prepare for data collection.
Thank you for reading my Week 2 Blog!
Week 3: Methodology & Bingo
Hi everyone! In this blog, I will be going over my project progression during Week 3 and what I’m looking forward to in Week 4.
Week 3: Methodology & Bingo
This week, my focus shifted from refining my argument to strengthening the structure of my research methods and preparing for data collection. After spending the past two weeks developing my literature review and overall direction, I worked on making my methodology more detailed, clear, and actionable.
For a majority of the time, I wrote and edited my methodology section, particularly clarifying my participants, instruments, and overall analysis plan. I refined my survey questions and finalized my interview framework to better capture how elderly patients perceive the affordability and stability of out-of-pocket healthcare costs. In addition, the consent forms were confirmed and edited based on ethical considerations, ensuring that they are both ethically sound and easy for participants to understand. This process made me think more critically about how question wording and structure can influence the quality and reliability of responses.
Alongside this, I continued expanding my literature review by reading The American Healthcare Paradox. This book added an important perspective on how the United States spends significantly more on healthcare than other countries, yet often sees worse outcomes—especially for vulnerable populations like the elderly. Incorporating these ideas has helped me further contextualize my research and strengthen the policy dimension of my argument.
My internship with the Jewish Association Serving the Aging (JASA) also continued this week, where I became more involved in day-to-day operations. I helped organize files, sort donor contributions for an upcoming gala, and write handwritten thank-you notes to supporters. I also completed my required HR training. While these tasks were more administrative, they gave me a deeper understanding of how nonprofit organizations function and support the communities they serve, which is directly connected to my research on elderly care. I did also play a very high-stakes game of Bingo with seniors living in assisted living, which allowed me to continue building the bonds necessary with potential interviewees.
Overall, Week 3 was about building a strong foundation for data collection—ensuring that my research design is thoughtful, ethical, and ready to be implemented.
Week 4 Plan
Next week, I will begin collecting data through interviews with participants. I’m looking forward to applying everything I’ve prepared so far and starting to gather real insights that will shape the next phase of my project.
Thank you for reading my Week 3 Blog!
Week 4: Research Preparation & Community Insight
Hi everyone! In this blog, I will be going over my project progression during Week 4 and what I’m looking forward to in Week 5.
Week 4: Research Preparation & Community Insight
This week, I continued preparing for the transition into active research by refining my approach and gaining a better understanding of my target population. A key part of my week was meeting with the volunteer coordinator at the Jewish Association Serving the Aging (JASA), where we discussed research strategies and the specific demographics of the population I will be working with. This conversation helped me think more carefully about how to approach participants, frame my questions, and ensure that my research is both respectful and effective.
I also spent additional time at JASA assisting with organizational tasks for an upcoming gala. While working there, I had the opportunity to speak with several seniors, which gave me informal insight into their experiences and perspectives. These interactions, although not part of my formal data collection yet, helped me better understand the community I am studying and reinforced the importance of clear, accessible communication in my research.
In terms of my written work, I continued revising my surveys to improve clarity and ensure that my questions align closely with my research goals. I also edited my literature review to strengthen connections between sources and further develop the policy context of my argument. Additionally, I read another 250 pages of Healthcare & Policy, which has been helping me deepen my understanding of systemic issues within the U.S. and NYC healthcare system and how they impact elderly populations.
Week 5 Plan
Overall, Week 4 was about strengthening both my research design and my connection to the community I am studying, allowing me to move forward with greater clarity and confidence. Next week, I plan to continue my research by moving further into the actual data collection process and building on the foundation I have established so far. I will interview about 25 elderly individuals about their experience in the healthcare system, while also aiming to finish the book, Healthcare & Policy.
Thank you for reading my Week 4 Blog!
Week 5: Collecting Data
Hi everyone! In this blog, I will be going over my project progression during Week 5 and what I’m looking forward to in Week 6.
Week 5: Beginning Data Collection & Adjusting My Approach
This week marked an important transition in my project, as I officially began conducting interviews. I started speaking with patients at hospitals and staff members at the Jewish Association Serving the Aging (JASA), which has allowed me to begin gathering real-world perspectives related to my research.
However, there was also a change in my original research plan. Due to IRB (institutional review board) compliance and ethical considerations, I am not able to directly interview seniors at JASA as I had initially intended. Instead, I shifted my approach to interviewing elderly staff members, who can still provide valuable insight into the financial challenges and healthcare experiences of the elderly population. This adjustment required me to be flexible, and it also broadened my perspective by incorporating observations from those who are currently working and using private insurance.
Through my early interviews, I’ve already started to notice recurring themes, particularly around financial strain. One staff member shared, “A lot of the time, I am not just worried about my health—I’m constantly thinking about whether I can afford the care I need.” This highlights the ongoing tension between medical needs and financial limitations that many elderly individuals face.
Interviewing patients in hospital settings has also introduced an important layer of nuance to my research. Because these individuals are actively seeking treatment, their responses may reflect a bias toward prioritizing care despite costs. This made me more aware of how context can influence survey responses and will be something I take into account during my analysis.
In addition to my research, I continued my internship at JASA, where I assisted with planning for the upcoming gala and completed more organizational tasks. I also participated in a team meeting for the first time, which gave me greater insight into how the organization collaborates internally and makes decisions to support its community.
Overall, Week 5 was both exciting and challenging, as I began collecting data while also adapting my research plan to meet ethical guidelines and real-world constraints. While I initially planned to focus on Medicare recipients at JASA, my data pool has shifted to include privately insured staff members at JASA and patients willing to speak with me in Maimonides. Although this means fewer direct perspectives from Medicare-dependent seniors, it broadens my research by incorporating a wider range of insurance experiences and financial perspectives. This shift ultimately adds depth to my analysis by allowing me to compare how different groups perceive the affordability and stability of out-of-pocket healthcare costs, rather than relying on a single population.
Week 6 Plan
Next week, I will conduct more interviews and expand my data collection. I will also begin organizing my findings by inputting the data into my spreadsheet, as I initially outlined in Week 1, to start preparing for analysis.
Weeks 6-7: Expanding Data Collection & Emerging Patterns
Hi everyone! In this blog, I will be going over my project progression during Weeks 6 and 7 and what I’m looking forward to next.
Weeks 6 & 7: Expanding Data Collection & Emerging Patterns
Over the past two weeks, I continued actively conducting interviews and have now reached approximately 60 participants. Each conversation lasted around 20–30 minutes, allowing me to gather more detailed and nuanced insights into how individuals experience out-of-pocket healthcare costs.
As I progressed, I began noticing clear patterns emerging across interviews. A significant portion of the patients I spoke with were managing chronic conditions, particularly diabetes. Many shared the financial challenges associated with ongoing treatment, including difficult decisions such as skipping appointments or delaying care due to cost. One especially striking theme was how financial strain can lead to compromises in care, highlighting the real-world consequences of unstable and unaffordable healthcare expenses.
These conversations reinforced the complexity of my research question, showing that affordability is not just about one-time costs, but about the long-term burden of managing chronic illness. The consistency of these themes across multiple interviews has started to give direction to how I will approach my analysis moving forward.
Overall, these weeks marked significant progress in data collection, while also beginning to reveal meaningful trends that will shape the next phase of my project.
Next Steps
Next week, I plan to continue conducting interviews while also beginning to more formally analyze my data. I will start organizing responses and identifying key themes to better understand the patterns emerging from my research.
Thank you for reading my Week 6 & 7 Blog!
Week 8: Finished Data Collection & Started Analysis
Hi everyone! In this blog, I will be going over my project progression during Week 8 and what I’m looking forward to next.
Week 8: Data Collection Milestone & Beginning Analysis
This week marked one of the biggest milestones in my project so far. My original goal was to conduct 67 interviews, but I have now recorded approximately 115–120 interviews. Reaching nearly double my initial target has given me a much broader range of perspectives and strengthened the depth of my research overall.
One aspect of the data that I am especially grateful for is the diversity of respondents I was able to speak with. My interviews included uninsured individuals, privately insured patients, and Medicare/Medicaid recipients, which allowed me to capture a wider range of healthcare experiences and financial realities. Having this mix of participants has made my research more nuanced, as different forms of insurance often shaped how people approached medical care, prescriptions, and long-term treatment.
Many of the interviews were emotionally impactful, but one conversation in particular stood out to me. I spoke with an elderly retired couple who were uninsured and struggling to afford insulin for both individuals, as they both had diabetes. They described how financial pressure pushed them to share needles in order to reduce costs, which ultimately led to severe health complications, including one of them contracting HIV. Hearing their story reinforced how healthcare affordability is not simply an economic issue, but one that can directly affect safety, quality of life, and long-term health outcomes.
In addition to continuing interviews, I also began formally analyzing and coding my data. I started organizing responses into recurring themes, particularly around chronic illness management, delayed treatment, insurance instability, and cost-related medical decisions. This stage has helped me transition from simply collecting information to identifying larger patterns and connections within my research.
Overall, Week 8 felt like a turning point in my project, as I moved from primarily gathering data into the early stages of analysis and interpretation.
Next Steps
Next week, I plan to continue analyzing and coding my interviews while beginning to draft my discussion and results sections based on the trends emerging from my data.
Thank you for reading my Week 8 Blog!
Week 9: Discussion and Results
Hi everyone! In this blog, I will be going over my project progression during Week 9 and what I’m looking forward to next.
Week 9: Writing Results & Discussion
This week, I focused primarily on writing the results and discussion sections of my paper. After spending the past several weeks collecting and coding interview data, I began organizing my findings into broader themes and determining how to present them clearly within my research paper.
One of the most challenging parts of this process was deciding which statistics and personal stories to include. Because I conducted over a hundred 30-minute interviews, I gathered a large amount of both quantitative and qualitative data. While the statistics helped reveal broader patterns regarding healthcare affordability, insurance instability, and delayed treatment, many of the interviews also contained deeply emotional and personal experiences that added important human context to those numbers. Balancing these two elements—data and storytelling—was difficult, as I wanted my paper to remain analytical while still reflecting the real experiences behind the research.
As I worked through the discussion section, I also began making stronger connections between my findings and the healthcare policy themes from my literature review. In particular, I noticed how recurring issues such as skipped appointments, medication-sharing, and financial anxiety reflected larger systemic problems within the U.S. healthcare system. For example, a respondent skipped a necessary knee surgery last year which led to the development of a limp and consistent pain in the area. Writing this section helped me see how individual stories connect to broader policy failures and healthcare accessibility challenges.
Overall, Week 9 marked an important shift from gathering information to interpreting and communicating the significance of my findings.
Next Steps
Next week, I plan to continue refining my results and discussion sections while working on final edits and strengthening the overall organization of my paper, which should be finished by the end of next week. Already, I have fifteen pages of the paper, discounting the bibliography and graphs illustrating my results. I hope to yield about five to ten more pages discussing how to solve the national health crises for seniors, using both prior research and respondents recommendations based on their individual experiences.
Thank you for reading my Week 9 Blog!
Week 10: Finalizing Research Paper
Hi everyone! In this blog, I will be going over my project progression during Week 10 and what I’m looking forward to next.
Week 10: Finalizing My Paper & Preparing for My Defense
This week, I reached a major milestone in my senior project by completing most of my final research paper. After weeks of conducting interviews, analyzing data, and writing my results and discussion sections, I focused on refining the organization of my paper and making final edits to strengthen the clarity of my argument. Seeing the project come together in its final form has been very rewarding, especially with following the research process from its earliest planning stages to a nearly completed paper of about 20 pages.
Alongside finalizing my paper, I also began outlining my senior project defense presentation. I started organizing the key points I want to discuss, including my research question, methodology, major findings, and the broader healthcare policy implications of my project. One challenge has been determining how to condense months of research and over 100 interviews into a presentation that is both concise and meaningful. However, outlining the defense has helped me reflect on the overall progression of my project and the most important insights I gained throughout the process.
In addition to my research work, I continued my internship at the Jewish Association Serving the Aging (JASA). This week, I helped catalogue and price artwork created by JASA seniors. I assisted in organizing the artwork, documenting details about each piece, and determining appropriate pricing based on an art auction guide, which helped prepare the collection for future display and sale.Working with these pieces gave me another opportunity to engage with the community in a different setting and appreciate the creativity and individuality of the seniors involved in the organization.
Overall, Week 10 felt like the transition from conducting research to preparing to present and defend the significance of my findings.
Next Steps
Next week, I plan to continue revising my final paper while further developing and practicing my senior project defense presentation.
Thank you for reading my week 10 blog post!
Week 11: Completing My Research Paper & Presentation Preparation
Hi everyone! In this blog, I will be going over my project progression during Week 11 and what I’m looking forward to next.
Week 11: Completing My Research Paper & Presentation Preparation
This week marked one of the final stages of my senior project. After months of research, interviews, analysis, and writing, I officially completed my final paper. Finishing the paper was a rewarding milestone because it allowed me to bring together all aspects of my project—from my literature review and methodology to my findings and discussion—into a single cohesive work.
In addition to completing the paper, I began drafting my presentation slides for my senior project defense. Creating the presentation required me to think carefully about how to communicate my research in a clear and engaging way. Because my project involved over 100 interviews and a large amount of data, one challenge was deciding which findings were most important to highlight. I focused on presenting the key themes, significant statistics, and personal stories that best illustrate the financial challenges many individuals face when accessing healthcare.
Another new skill I developed this week was learning how to create and code graphs using Python. Since visual representations of data can make research findings easier to understand, I explored ways to translate my survey results into charts and graphs that can be incorporated into my presentation. While learning the coding process took some time, it was a valuable experience that helped me better visualize and communicate my results.
Overall, Week 11 felt like the culmination of the work I have been building toward throughout the year. Completing the paper and preparing my presentation made the project feel much more tangible and helped me reflect on how much I have learned through the research process.
Next Steps
Next week, I will be presenting my senior project. I plan to continue practicing my presentation, refining my slides, and preparing to discuss my findings and answer questions about my research.
Thank you for reading my Week 11 Blog!
Week 12: Concluding Thoughs
Hi everyone! Welcome to my final Senior Project blog post. In this post, I will reflect on my experience, share some of my key takeaways, and provide links to my completed project materials.
Final Reflections
Over the past several months, I have explored how older adults perceive the affordability and stability of out-of-pocket healthcare costs. What began as a broad interest in healthcare policy evolved into a project that allowed me to directly hear the experiences of more than 115 individuals navigating the healthcare system.
One of the most significant findings from my research was the relationship between insurance status and healthcare access. Uninsured respondents were substantially more likely to delay or reduce care due to cost, while even many insured participants reported financial strain associated with deductibles, copayments, prescription costs, and uncovered services. Medicare recipients, despite having coverage, frequently described concerns about prescription affordability and unexpected healthcare expenses.
Another major finding was the impact of chronic illness on financial burden. Many participants I interviewed were managing conditions such as diabetes and discussed difficult decisions regarding medications, appointments, and treatment plans. Several respondents described delaying care due to cost, while others reported taking on debt or reducing spending in other areas of their lives to afford medical care. These stories reinforced the idea that healthcare affordability extends beyond insurance coverage alone.
Perhaps the most surprising aspect of the project was the emotional dimension of healthcare costs. Many respondents expressed anxiety and uncertainty surrounding medical expenses, often worrying about what future treatments or emergencies might cost. Through both the quantitative survey results and qualitative interviews, it became clear that healthcare decisions are influenced not only by medical need but also by financial risk and uncertainty.
Beyond the research itself, this project taught me valuable skills in literature review, survey design, interviewing, qualitative coding, statistical analysis, and data visualization. I also learned how to create graphs using Python to better communicate my findings. Most importantly, I learned how to conduct independent research and adapt when challenges arose, including changes to my participant pool and research design.
My internship at JASA added another meaningful dimension to this experience. Whether helping organize events, supporting administrative projects, cataloguing artwork created by seniors, or interacting with staff and residents, I gained a deeper appreciation for the role community organizations play in supporting older adults.
Looking back, this project strengthened my interest in healthcare policy, economics, and research. It showed me how data and personal experiences can work together to tell a more complete story about complex social issues. As I prepare to begin my studies at Wharton, I am excited to continue exploring how policy, business, and research can be used to improve people's lives.
Final Project Materials:
Thank you to my advisors, mentors, JASA staff, interview participants, and everyone who supported me throughout this project. Your guidance, feedback, and willingness to share your experiences made this research possible.
Thank you for following along throughout my Senior Project journey!